Skip to main content

Table 2 Characteristics of patients according to the duration of EMSs’ CPR

From: Effects of prehospital epinephrine administration on neurological outcomes in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

Group

Group 1

Group 2

Group 3

Group 4

<15 min

15–19 min

20–26 min

≥27 min

Characteristics

Epinephrine

No epinephrine

P value

Epinephrine

No epinephrine

P value

Epinephrine

No epinephrine

P value

Epinephrine

No epinephrine

P value

Cases

2766

90,681

 

5597

90,281

 

8179

85,490

 

12,525

88,292

 

Age, mean (SD), years

72.91 (15.1)

72.78 (16.7)

0.669

73.61 (14.9)

73.90 (16.2)

0.192

73.75 (15.4)

73.70 (16.2)

0.784

72.81 (15.4)

73.03 (16.3)

0.159

Male sex

1,673 (60.5)

52,377 (57.8)

0.004

3409 (60.9)

50,981 (56.5)

<0.001

5103 (62.4)

48,810 (57.1)

<0.001

8086 (64.6)

51,757 (58.6)

<0.001

Bystander eyewitness

1,649 (59.6)

34,143 (37.7)

<0.001

3032 (54.2)

29,389 (32.6)

<0.001

4415 (54.0)

28,018 (32.8)

<0.001

6985 (55.8)

29,496 (33.4)

<0.001

CPR initiated by bystander (non medically trained citizen)

1,407 (50.9)

39,423 (43.5)

<0.001

2755 (49.2)

39,778 (44.1)

<0.001

3897 (47.6)

35,778 (41.9)

<0.001

5633 (45.0)

33,995 (38.5)

<0.001

 Chest compression

1391 (50.5)

38,763 (42.9)

<0.001

2725 (49.0)

39,206 (43.6)

<0.001

3863 (47.5)

35,251 (41.4)

<0.001

5580 (44.8)

33,481 (38.0)

<0.001

 Rescue breathing

427 (15.5)

12,185 (13.5)

0.003

776 (14.0)

11,957 (13.3)

0.162

1112 (13.7)

10,725 (12.6)

0.005

1640 (13.2)

10,463 (11.9)

<0.001

 Use of public-access AED

31 (1.1)

632 (0.7)

0.012

58 (1.0)

375 (0.4)

<0.001

82 (1.0)

333 (0.4)

<0.001

121 (1.0)

350 (0.4)

<0.001

Origin of cardiac arrest

            

 Cardiac

1407 (54.3)

45,556 (52.9)

0.065

3110 (58.9)

46,811 (54.3)

<0.001

4681 (60.4)

44,692 (54.4)

<0.001

7454 (62.0)

46,352 (53.9)

<0.001

 Not cardiac

694 (26.8)

22,557 (26.2)

1216 (23.0)

22,906 (26.6)

1763 (22.8)

22,020 (26.8)

2671 (22.2)

23,488 (27.3)

 Exogenous origin

492 (19.0)

17,958 (20.9)

954 (18.1)

16,538 (19.2)

1305 (16.8)

15,380 (18.7)

1895 (15.8)

16,128 (18.8)

Primary ECG rhythm

            

 VF

467 (16.9)

9515 (10.5)

<0.001

747 (13.3)

5223 (5.8)

<0.001

1029 (12.6)

4743 (5.5)

<0.001

1656 (13.2)

4583 (5.2)

<0.001

 non VF

2299 (83.1)

81,166 (89.5)

4850 (86.7)

85,058 (94.2)

7150 (87.4)

80,747 (94.5)

10,869 (86.8)

83,709 (94.8)

Life support by EMS personnel

            

 Defibrillation

562 (20.3)

11,192 (12.4)

<0.001

1011 (18.1)

7443 (8.3)

<0.001

1494 (18.3)

7144 (8.4)

<0.001

2730 (21.8)

7457 (8.5)

<0.001

 Advanced airway management

1822 (65.9)

26,738 (29.5)

<0.001

3981 (71.2)

40,621 (45.0)

<0.001

6258 (76.6)

44,293 (51.9)

<0.001

9805 (78.4)

48,849 (55.4)

<0.001

Time, mean (SD), min

            

 Time from call to CPR initiation

8.63 (3.7)

8.45 (4.5)

0.034

8.58 (3.5)

8.70 (3.8)

0.02

8.99 (3.6)

9.14 (4.0)

0.001

10.13 (5.0)

10.20 (5.4)

0.188

 Time from call to arrival at hospital

29.00 (10.8)

21.95 (7.1)

<0.001

29.26 (7.4)

26.85 (4.4)

<0.001

33.51 (5.8)

32.47 (4.6)

<0.001

45.83 (11.5)

44.98 (11.5)

<0.001

 EMSs’ CPR duration

12.61 (2.3)

11.51 (3.3)

<0.001

18.25 (1.3)

18.01 (1.4)

<0.001

23.42 (1.7)

23.26 (1.7)

<0.001

35.17 (9.0)

34.74 (9.3)

<0.001

Outcome

            

 ROSC

1561 (56.4)

11,860 (13.1)

<0.001

1,413 (25.2)

1430 (1.6)

<0.001

1211 (14.8)

665 (0.8)

<0.001

903 (7.2)

394 (0.4)

<0.001

 1-month survival

503 (18.2)

8867 (9.8)

<0.001

418 (7.5)

2181 (2.4)

<0.001

297 (3.6)

1,284 (1.5)

<0.001

230 (1.8)

926 (1.0)

<0.001

 CPC 1 or 2

136 (4.9)

4522 (5.0)

0.924

92 (1.6)

484 (0.5)

<0.001

59 (0.7)

239 (0.3)

<0.001

52 (0.4)

185 (0.2)

<0.001

  1. The data are expressed as number (%), unless otherwise indicated
  2. EMS emergency medical service, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, AED automated external defibrillator, VF ventricular fibrillation, EMS emergency medical service, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, CPC cerebral performance category