Group
|
Group 1
|
Group 2
|
Group 3
|
Group 4
|
---|
<15 min
|
15–19 min
|
20–26 min
|
≥27 min
|
---|
Characteristics
|
Epinephrine
|
No epinephrine
|
P value
|
Epinephrine
|
No epinephrine
|
P value
|
Epinephrine
|
No epinephrine
|
P value
|
Epinephrine
|
No epinephrine
|
P value
|
---|
Cases
|
2766
|
90,681
| |
5597
|
90,281
| |
8179
|
85,490
| |
12,525
|
88,292
| |
Age, mean (SD), years
|
72.91 (15.1)
|
72.78 (16.7)
|
0.669
|
73.61 (14.9)
|
73.90 (16.2)
|
0.192
|
73.75 (15.4)
|
73.70 (16.2)
|
0.784
|
72.81 (15.4)
|
73.03 (16.3)
|
0.159
|
Male sex
|
1,673 (60.5)
|
52,377 (57.8)
|
0.004
|
3409 (60.9)
|
50,981 (56.5)
|
<0.001
|
5103 (62.4)
|
48,810 (57.1)
|
<0.001
|
8086 (64.6)
|
51,757 (58.6)
|
<0.001
|
Bystander eyewitness
|
1,649 (59.6)
|
34,143 (37.7)
|
<0.001
|
3032 (54.2)
|
29,389 (32.6)
|
<0.001
|
4415 (54.0)
|
28,018 (32.8)
|
<0.001
|
6985 (55.8)
|
29,496 (33.4)
|
<0.001
|
CPR initiated by bystander (non medically trained citizen)
|
1,407 (50.9)
|
39,423 (43.5)
|
<0.001
|
2755 (49.2)
|
39,778 (44.1)
|
<0.001
|
3897 (47.6)
|
35,778 (41.9)
|
<0.001
|
5633 (45.0)
|
33,995 (38.5)
|
<0.001
|
Chest compression
|
1391 (50.5)
|
38,763 (42.9)
|
<0.001
|
2725 (49.0)
|
39,206 (43.6)
|
<0.001
|
3863 (47.5)
|
35,251 (41.4)
|
<0.001
|
5580 (44.8)
|
33,481 (38.0)
|
<0.001
|
Rescue breathing
|
427 (15.5)
|
12,185 (13.5)
|
0.003
|
776 (14.0)
|
11,957 (13.3)
|
0.162
|
1112 (13.7)
|
10,725 (12.6)
|
0.005
|
1640 (13.2)
|
10,463 (11.9)
|
<0.001
|
Use of public-access AED
|
31 (1.1)
|
632 (0.7)
|
0.012
|
58 (1.0)
|
375 (0.4)
|
<0.001
|
82 (1.0)
|
333 (0.4)
|
<0.001
|
121 (1.0)
|
350 (0.4)
|
<0.001
|
Origin of cardiac arrest
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Cardiac
|
1407 (54.3)
|
45,556 (52.9)
|
0.065
|
3110 (58.9)
|
46,811 (54.3)
|
<0.001
|
4681 (60.4)
|
44,692 (54.4)
|
<0.001
|
7454 (62.0)
|
46,352 (53.9)
|
<0.001
|
Not cardiac
|
694 (26.8)
|
22,557 (26.2)
|
1216 (23.0)
|
22,906 (26.6)
|
1763 (22.8)
|
22,020 (26.8)
|
2671 (22.2)
|
23,488 (27.3)
|
Exogenous origin
|
492 (19.0)
|
17,958 (20.9)
|
954 (18.1)
|
16,538 (19.2)
|
1305 (16.8)
|
15,380 (18.7)
|
1895 (15.8)
|
16,128 (18.8)
|
Primary ECG rhythm
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
VF
|
467 (16.9)
|
9515 (10.5)
|
<0.001
|
747 (13.3)
|
5223 (5.8)
|
<0.001
|
1029 (12.6)
|
4743 (5.5)
|
<0.001
|
1656 (13.2)
|
4583 (5.2)
|
<0.001
|
non VF
|
2299 (83.1)
|
81,166 (89.5)
|
4850 (86.7)
|
85,058 (94.2)
|
7150 (87.4)
|
80,747 (94.5)
|
10,869 (86.8)
|
83,709 (94.8)
|
Life support by EMS personnel
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Defibrillation
|
562 (20.3)
|
11,192 (12.4)
|
<0.001
|
1011 (18.1)
|
7443 (8.3)
|
<0.001
|
1494 (18.3)
|
7144 (8.4)
|
<0.001
|
2730 (21.8)
|
7457 (8.5)
|
<0.001
|
Advanced airway management
|
1822 (65.9)
|
26,738 (29.5)
|
<0.001
|
3981 (71.2)
|
40,621 (45.0)
|
<0.001
|
6258 (76.6)
|
44,293 (51.9)
|
<0.001
|
9805 (78.4)
|
48,849 (55.4)
|
<0.001
|
Time, mean (SD), min
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Time from call to CPR initiation
|
8.63 (3.7)
|
8.45 (4.5)
|
0.034
|
8.58 (3.5)
|
8.70 (3.8)
|
0.02
|
8.99 (3.6)
|
9.14 (4.0)
|
0.001
|
10.13 (5.0)
|
10.20 (5.4)
|
0.188
|
Time from call to arrival at hospital
|
29.00 (10.8)
|
21.95 (7.1)
|
<0.001
|
29.26 (7.4)
|
26.85 (4.4)
|
<0.001
|
33.51 (5.8)
|
32.47 (4.6)
|
<0.001
|
45.83 (11.5)
|
44.98 (11.5)
|
<0.001
|
EMSs’ CPR duration
|
12.61 (2.3)
|
11.51 (3.3)
|
<0.001
|
18.25 (1.3)
|
18.01 (1.4)
|
<0.001
|
23.42 (1.7)
|
23.26 (1.7)
|
<0.001
|
35.17 (9.0)
|
34.74 (9.3)
|
<0.001
|
Outcome
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
ROSC
|
1561 (56.4)
|
11,860 (13.1)
|
<0.001
|
1,413 (25.2)
|
1430 (1.6)
|
<0.001
|
1211 (14.8)
|
665 (0.8)
|
<0.001
|
903 (7.2)
|
394 (0.4)
|
<0.001
|
1-month survival
|
503 (18.2)
|
8867 (9.8)
|
<0.001
|
418 (7.5)
|
2181 (2.4)
|
<0.001
|
297 (3.6)
|
1,284 (1.5)
|
<0.001
|
230 (1.8)
|
926 (1.0)
|
<0.001
|
CPC 1 or 2
|
136 (4.9)
|
4522 (5.0)
|
0.924
|
92 (1.6)
|
484 (0.5)
|
<0.001
|
59 (0.7)
|
239 (0.3)
|
<0.001
|
52 (0.4)
|
185 (0.2)
|
<0.001
|
- The data are expressed as number (%), unless otherwise indicated
-
EMS emergency medical service, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, AED automated external defibrillator, VF ventricular fibrillation, EMS emergency medical service, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, CPC cerebral performance category