Table 1 Characteristics of patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest according to epinephrine administration (n = 383,811)

Age, mean (SD), years

73.24 (15.3)

73.35 (16.4)

0.275

Male sex

18271 (62.9)

203925 (57.5)

<0.001

Bystander eyewitness

16081 (55.3)

121046 (34.1)

<0.001

CPR initiated by bystander

13692 (47.1)

148974 (42.0)

<0.001

 Chest compression

13559 (46.9)

146701 (41.5)

<0.001

 Rescue breathing

3955 (13.7)

45330 (12.9)

<0.001

 Use of public-access AED

292 (1.0)

1690 (0.5)

<0.001

Intrinsic origin of cardiac arrest

 Cardiac

16652 (60.2)

183411 (53.9)

<0.001

 Non cardiac

6344 (23.0)

90971 (26.7)

 Exogenous origin

4646 (16.8)

66004 (19.4)

Primary ECG rhythm

 VF

3899 (13.4)

24064 (6.8)

<0.001

 Non VF

25168 (86.6)

330680 (93.2)

Life support by EMS personnel

 Defibrillation

5797 (20.0)

33236 (9.4)

<0.001

 Advanced airway management

21866 (75.3)

160501 (45.3)

<0.001

Time, mean (SD), min

 Time from call to CPR initiation

9.37 (4.3)

9.11 (4.5)

<0.001

 Time from call to arrival at the hospital

37.6 (11.9)

31.5 (11.4)

<0.001

 EMSs’ CPR duration

26.5 (10.1)

21.8 (9.9)

<0.001

Outcome

 ROSC

5088 (17.5)

14349 (4.0)

<0.001

 1-month survival

1448 (5.0)

13258 (3.7)

<0.001

 CPC 1 or 2

339 (1.2)

5430 (1.5)

<0.001