Category | Risk factor | OR (95%CI) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Demographics | Age > 65 years | 7.0 (2.0–24.6) | [58] |
Age ≥ 40 years | 6.3 (1.4–28.7) | [51] | |
Age ≥ 75 years | 4.79 (1.16–19.8) | [52] | |
Age, per 10 years | 1.52 (1.47–1.56) | [54] | |
Advanced age | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | [50] | |
Female sex | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | [54] | |
Hispanic (white as reference) | 0.58 (0.50–0.63) | [54] | |
Black (white as reference) | 0.67 (0.58–0.78) | [54] | |
Past history | Calcium channel blockers | 3.87 (1.18–12.7) | [50] |
Prior stroke | 1.64 (1.35–2.01) | [54] | |
Metastatic/hematologic malignancy | 1.23 (1.09–1.39) | [54] | |
Obesity | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) | [54] | |
Hypertension | 0.88 (0.81–0.95) | [54] | |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | [54] | |
Severity | SAPS II ≥ 30 | 11.6 (1.3–103.0) | [51] |
Shock | 6.77 (2.17–21.1) | [50] | |
SIRS | 4.4 (1.2–16.1) | [51] | |
APACHE II score ≥ 20 | 3.90 (1.00–16.7) | [52] | |
Organ failure | Respiratory failure | 2.81 (2.48–3.19) | [54] |
Congestive heart failure | 1.61 (1.41–1.83) | [54] | |
Hematologic failure | 1.50 (1.34–1.68) | [54] | |
Renal failure | 1.40 (1.26–1.56) | [54] | |
Per organ failure | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | [54] | |
Acidosis | 0.87 (0.77–0.97) | [54] | |
Trauma | Blunt thoracic trauma | 16.8 (4.00–71.2) | [50] |
Three or more regions traumatized | 6.2 (1.8–21.4) | [51] | |
Infection | Sepsis | 6.5 (2.0–21.1) | [57] |
Sepsis at admission | 4.87 (1.24–18.8) | [52] | |
Abdominal infection | 1.77 (1.59–1.97) | [54] | |
Fungal infection | 1.59 (1.27–2.00) | [54] | |
Respiratory tract infection | 1.27 (1.14–1.40) | [54] | |
Skin or soft tissue infection | 1.33 (1.14–1.55) | [54] | |
Gram-positive bacteria | 1.29 (1.18–1.55) | [54] | |
Primary bacteremia | 1.17 (1.02–1.36) | [54] | |
Urinary tract infection | 0.89 (0.81–0.99) | [54] | |
Intervention | Catecholamine use | 5.7 (1.7–19.1) | [51] |
Pulmonary artery catheter | 5.46 (1.84–16.2) | [50] | |
Right heart catheterization | 2.25 (1.87–2.70) | [54] |