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Table 1 Overall characteristics of included studies
| Author, year [ref] | Study design | No. of patients | Setting (patients) | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bender JS, 1996 [49] | Prospective observational | 206 | Surgical ICU | Etiology |
| Seguin P, 2004 [50] | Prospective observational | 453 | Surgical ICU | Etiology/outcome |
| Seguin P, 2006 [51] | Prospective observational | 293 | Surgical ICU (trauma) | Etiology/outcome treatment |
| Arora S, 2007 [52] | Prospective observational | 61 | Mixed ICU | Etiology/outcome |
| Christian SA, 2008 [26] | Retrospective observational | 272 | Mixed ICU (sepsis) | Etiology/outcome |
| Meierhenrich R, 2010 [53] | Prospective observational | 629 (50 septic shock) | Surgical ICU | Etiology/outcome treatment |
| Walkey AJ, 2011 [54] | Retrospective population-based cohort | 49,082 | Acute care hospitals (severe sepsis) | Etiology/outcome |
| Kanji S, 2012 [55] | Retrospective observational | 3,081 | Three mixed ICUs | Etiology treatment |
| Tongyaoo S, 2013 [56] | Prospective observational | 247 | Medical ICU | Etiology/outcome |
| Makrygiannis SS, 2014 [57] | Prospective observational | 133 | Mixed ICU | Etiology |
| Balser JR, 1998 [60] | Randomized controlled | 64a | Surgical ICU | Treatment |
| Sleeswijk ME, 2008 [61] | Prospective observational | 29 | Mixed ICU | Treatment |
